apoE isoforms and measures of anxiety in probable AD patients and Apoe-/- mice.

Increased anxiety may occur in up to 70% of AD patients during the course of their illness. Here we show that human apoE isoforms, which differ in AD risk, have differential effects on measures of anxiety in adult Apoe-/- male mice expressing human apoE3 or apoE4 in their brains and male probable AD (PRAD) patients. Compared with wild-type mice, Apoe-/- mice without human apoE or with apoE4, but not apoE3, showed increased measures of anxiety. These behavioral alterations were associated with reduced microtubule-associated protein 2-positive neuronal dendrites in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Consistent with the mouse data, male and female PRAD patients with epsilon4/epsilon4 showed higher anxiety scores than those with epsilon3/epsilon3. We conclude that human apoE isoforms have differential effects on measures of anxiety.

Steroids and opioid receptors.

The genomic mode of action is believed to represent the predominant effect of a steroid hormone. Recently, however, rapidly manifesting, non-genomic effects have also been observed. These are mediated mostly by allosteric interaction of a steroid with heterologous target structures such as membrane receptors, a prototype example being the GABAA. Here we describe our studies considering two interdependent questions: (1) do steroids also interact with opioid receptors in brain? Twenty different steroids, i.e. estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gestagens and a cardiac glycoside were tested with respect to their ability to compete for in vitro binding to rat brain membranes of 3H-ligands specific for delta, mu and kappa opioid receptors, respectively. Among all classes of steroids, only the estrogens were effective, all others were 20 to 100 times less effective or ineffective. The rank order among the estrogens was diethylstilbestrol > 17 alpha-estradiol > 17 alpha-ethinyl-estradiol > estriol > estrone > 17 beta-estradiol. Next potent to estrogens (although far less) were--on average as a group--glucocorticoids, followed by mineralocorticoids, androgens, gestagens and digoxin. This global as well as within-group rank order, was, with rare exceptions, qualitatively equal irrespective of which radioligand was used, yet displayed the various radioligands different sensitivities with respect of being inhibited by steroids (irrespective of kind), i.e. in the order [3H]naloxone > or = [3H]DAGO > or = [3H]DADL > [3H]DPDP >> [3H]etorphine. The IC50 of diethylstilbestrol for displacing [3H]DAGO was approximately 30 microM and that of 17 beta-estradiol was approximately 200 microM. (2) What are the concentrations of the major steroid hormones in the brain's extracellular fluid? We have analyzed in 56 matched (i.e. simultaneously withdrawn) peripheral serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (from endocrinologically grossly normal patients) the concentrations of the unconjugated steroid hormones testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone and cortisol (all being more or less lipophilic) as well as those of their hydrophilic counterparts, i.e. DHEA-sulfate, or their hydrophilic binding proteins, i.e. sex hormone binding globulin, corticosterone binding globulin, and albumin. Total (i.e. free plus protein-bound) CSF levels of all these steroids were found to be in the 0.02-2 nM range except for cortisol (approximately 20-50 nM), thus 3 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than the IC50 of estrogens for [3H]DAGO (see above). These total CSF values were quite similar to the reported and calculated free serum levels of these steroids and no difference existed between those of patients with intact or with disturbed (abnormally leaky) blood-brain barrier function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)